With the development of science and technology, the conservation of materials and energy has become increasingly important. Wear is a significant cause of reduced efficiency, accuracy, and even the premature retirement of machinery and tools,resulting in increased material and energy consumption. It is also one of the three primary failure modes of mechanical components (wear, corrosion, and fracture),commonly observed in industries such as mining, energy, metallurgy, and power generation. Since the advent of machines replacing manual labor, extending the lifespan of machinery and reducing part wear has been a perennial concern. Consequently, researchers have engaged in long-term exploration and study on this topic.
